En una de sus formulaciones más simples, la tesis quineana de la equivalencia empírica entre teorías sostiene que dada una teoría T que dé cuenta del conjunto de observaciones O, es posible que haya otra teoría T* lógicamente incompatible con T, pero empíricamente equivalente, i. e. da cuenta del mismo conjunto O de observaciones. El propósito de este ensayo será el de examinar el impacto de esta tesis frente a la del realismo científico ingenuo, reformulándola en términos más precisos y (...) examinando su plausibilidad. La conclusión será que la tesis de la equivalencia empírica no es una tesis lógico-filosófica como aquellas sobre las que se basa (subdeterminación de las teorías por la experiencia, holismo epistemológico), sino que su carácter es práctico y condiciona sobre las actuales capacidades para observar y testar; también se explotará esta consecuencia para mostrar cómo podría darse cabida a un tipo de realismo a pesar de las tesis quineanas. Se tendrá como referente el artículo de W. V. O. Quine “On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World” (1975). (shrink)

La flexibilidad y la mercantilización de lo espiritual ¿son aspectos característicos de la cultura contemporánea? Centrado en los casos de Alemania, Inglaterra y Francia, el artículo detalla cómo el romanticismo literario se articula como un movimiento pionero de la espiritualidad flexible, proceso que se entrelaza con su rol seminal en la formación del campo literario moderno. El crecimiento económico y demográfico sostenidos en Europa desde el s. XV, así como la alfabetización impulsada por el protestantismo, construyen un moderno público lector (...) que da pie —durante el s. XVIII— a la revolución y diversificación de la lectura, lo que promueve la difusión de incipientes tendencias modernas (ciencia, Ilustración, prensa). Oponiéndose parcialmente a estas tendencias y extendiendo la diversificación de lo impreso, surge la tendencia romántica. Sus autores flexibilizan la espiritualidad más allá de las convenciones religiosas de la época —y aportan a la formación del campo literario— (1) caracterizando el desencanto y otras formas de malestar moderno; (2) multiplicando el lenguaje imaginario-trascendente; (3) brindando connotaciones metafísicas al genio artístico; (4) promoviendo la autonomía y libertad expresiva del arte. La evidencia indica que el mercado fue una condición histórica básica para la EF. Se sugiere que esta flexibilidad se muestra como una adaptación de la espiritualidad a las circunstancias empíricas de la modernidad, la cual conlleva nuevas necesidades de sentido y una mayor capacidad para divergir de los relatos religiosos tradicionales. (shrink)

Revisión del libro En la cresta de la ola. Debates y definiciones en torno a la historia del tiempo presente por E. Allier Montaño, C. I. Vilchis Ortega y C. V. Ovalle (coord.).

Lackey’s (2007) class of “selfless assertions” is controversial in at least two respects: it allows propositions that express Moorean absurdity to be asserted warrantedly, and it challenges the orthodox view that the speaker’s belief is a necessary condition for warranted assertibility. With regard to the former point, I critically examine Lackey’s broadly Gricean treatment of Moorean absurdity and McKinnon’s (2015) epistemic approach. With regard to the latter point, I defend the received view by supporting the knowledge account, on which knowledge (...) is the necessary condition for warranted assertion. After examining two defenses of KA, by Montminy and Turri, I propose two alternative approaches. Although I remain neutral between them, I develop in more detail the view which classifies “selfless assertions” as “presentations”, a type of assertives distinct from genuine assertions. This account is motivated further by allowing for the expansion of the normative approach to other assertives, a feature we may be interested in, in the light of a recent wave of normative accounts of speech acts. (shrink)

Electronegativity is a quantified, typical chemical concept, which correlates the ability of chemical species to attract electrons during their contact with other species with measurable quantities such as dissociation energies, dipole moments, ionic radii, ionization potentials, electron affinities and spectroscopic data. It is applied to the description and explanation of chemical polarity, reaction mechanisms, other concepts such as acidity and oxidation, the estimation of types of chemical compounds and periodicity. Although this concept is very successful and widely used, and in (...) spite of the fact that it is still subject to scientific investigations, neither a more than intuitive definition nor a generally accepted, logically clear and standardized quantification model has been developed. In the present work, electronegativity is presented and discussed with respect to its main conceptual and operational continuities and discontinuities. We try to analyze the epistemological status of electronegativity, conceived as a typical notion of chemical sciences. Under ‘epistemological status’ we subsume the issues of its reference, its historical persistence, and the relationship between its measurement and quantification. (shrink)

Economic methodologists most often study the relations between models and reality while focusing on the issues of the model's epistemic relevance in terms of its relation to the ‘real world’ and representing the real world in a model. We complement the discussion by bringing the model's constructive mechanisms or self-implementing technologies in play. By this, we mean the elements of the economic model that are aimed at ‘implementing’ it by envisaging the ways to change the reality in order to bring (...) it more in line with the model. We are thus concerned mainly not with the ways to change the model to ‘fit’ the reality, but rather with the model's own armature that is supposed to transform the world along theoretical lines. The case we study is Arrow–Debreu–McKenzie general equilibrium model. In particular, we show the following: gradient methods and stability could be regarded as constructive mechanisms of general equilibrium modeling in the context of market socialism debates; the obsession of general eq.. (shrink)

La hermenéutica filosófica propone varias herramientas conceptuales útiles para la investigación, la crítica y el disfrute de las obras de arte. No obstante, existe una clara escasez de artículos de nivel intermedio que expliquen estos conceptos en el horizonte de su utilidad. Este artículo se enfoca en la noción de juego en la hermenéutica filosófica y realiza dos tareas: en primer lugar, interpreta la estética hermenéutica como respuesta a las necesidades teóricas y a los problemas filosóficos de su época. En (...) segundo lugar, destaca la relevancia del juego (Spiel) como estrategia fenomenológica para explicar la ontología de la obra de arte. Se argumenta que esta reinterpretación de la ontología de la obra de arte constituye una innovación filosófica que permite reconocer aspectos de la obra de arte que quedaban ocultos en otros abordajes estéticos del momento y que todavía son pertinentes de cara a las nuevas comprensiones de la obra de arte en la medida en que permiten reinterpretar el problema de la autonomía estética. (shrink)

O ensaio, em jeito de crítica/crítica, procura olhar para a Universidade na sua dimensão político-organizacional. Através de uma reflexão interpretativa, apoiada na constatação empírica e na literatura - uma metodologia que sai dos cânones de uma metodologia científica de investigação - tenta “escavar” a Universidade e mostrar dois tipos de homo-politicus que nela existem: o “homo-violentus” (o homem - “violento”) e o “homo-sabius” (o homem - “sábio”). Estes dois tipos de homos (por certo, existem outros tipos) então “encarnados” nos decisores, (...) gestores, professores, investigadores, estudantes etc. Destes dois tipos de homos vamos ter formas de intervenção política, cultural, científico/investigativa, educativo/pedagógico e humana diferenciadas - nas expressões informação, conhecimento, sabedoria - e, com elas, consequentes implicações na missão da própria Universidade. Palavras–Chave: Universidade; Política; Investigação; Pedagogia. The University and the “homo sabius”. Criticism / Criticism Abstract: The essay, in the form of criticism/criticism, seeks to look at the University in its political-organizational dimension. Through an interpretative reflection, supported by empirical evidence and literature - a methodology that departs from the canons of a scientific research methodology - it tries to "dig" the University and show two types of homo-politicus that exist in it: the "homo-violentus ” (man - “violent”) and “homo-sabius” (man - “wise”). These two types of homos (of course, there are other types) then “incarnated” in decision-makers, managers, teachers, researchers, students, etc. From these two types of homos we will have differentiated forms of political, cultural, scientific/investigative, educational/pedagogical and human intervention - in terms of information, knowledge, wisdom - and, with them, consequent implications for the mission of the University itself. Key Words: University; Policy; Investigation; Pedagogy. La Universidad y el “homo sabius”. Crítica / Crítica Resumen: El ensayo, en forma de crítica/crítica, busca mirar a la Universidad en su dimensión político-organizativa. A través de una reflexión interpretativa, apoyada en la evidencia empírica y la literatura -metodología que se aparta de los cánones de una metodología de investigación científica- se intenta “cavar” en la Universidad y mostrar dos tipos de homo-políticos que existen en ella: el “homo-político”. violento” (hombre - “violento”) y “homo-sabius” (hombre - “sabio”). Estos dos tipos de homos (claro que hay otros tipos) luego se “encarnan” en decisores, directivos, docentes, investigadores, estudiantes, etc. De estos dos tipos de homos tendremos formas diferenciadas de intervención política, cultural, científico/investigadora, educativa/pedagógica y humana -en términos de información, conocimiento, sabiduría- y, con ellas, las consecuentes implicaciones para la propia misión de la Universidad.. Palabras Clave: Universidad; Política; Investigación; Pedagogía. Data de registro: 26/04/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

Partendo da un corso sul cambiamento politico tenuto da Norberto Bobbio nel 1979 e ora trasformato in un libro postumo grazie ad alcuni studenti di allora, Vitale mette in luce quattro questioni su rivoluzione, riforma e altre forme di cambiamento nell’età moderna e contemporanea. In primo luogo, qual è oggi, nelle nostre società capitalistiche alle prese con i cambiamenti climatici e altri disastri ecologici, il rapporto tra rivoluzioni scientifiche e politiche? In secondo luogo, alla fine del secolo scorso la prospettiva (...) rivoluzionaria è stata abbandonata a favore di un più realistico riformismo, ma possiamo chiederci se questa scelta non abbia portato a un grande inganno, perché il riformismo era in effetti una forma di “dolce” resa alla società di mercato e ai suoi valori. In terzo luogo, ci sono nel nostro tempo gli ingredienti (principalmente, soggetto politico, leadership e un’ideologia ben strutturata) per trasformare la rabbia per l’ingiustizia e la disuguaglianza in un progetto rivoluzionario e non solo in sporadiche rivolte? In quarto luogo, quale ruolo gioca la guerra a livello del cambiamento geopolitico, con particolare riferimento all’attuale guerra in Ucraina che sembra prospettare una nuova situazione di “scontro di civiltà” tra Weltanschauung occidentale e orientale? (shrink)

A pandemia mundial proporcionou a oportunidade de refletir sobre o território e a existência humana. O propósito desta pesquisa foi explorar a relação com o espaço habitado a partir da perspectiva de jovens de 15 a 17 anos em situação de vulnerabilidade durante a pandemia. Para isso, foi utilizado um enfoque metodológico de pesquisa qualitativa com 26 jovens, precedido por imersão no campo, oficinas participativas e diálogos de saberes. Um mapa participativo foi utilizado como ferramenta adicional. Os resultados revelaram que (...) o espaço habitado adquiriu importância para os jovens durante a pandemia, tornando-se um refúgio que lhes permitiu conectar-se com a natureza e experimentar novas sensações, como sons, apreciar a paisagem e desfrutar da natureza. Eles reconheceram que, antes da crise sanitária, este lugar carecia de valor para eles, mas a pandemia os levou a reconsiderá-lo como um local de proteção que os tornou menos vulneráveis. Embora o objetivo tenha sido alcançado parcialmente devido às incertezas da saúde pública global, os participantes transformaram sua percepção do espaço, gerando um novo significado que fortaleceu suas habilidades individuais para enfrentar a pandemia de COVID-19. (shrink)

The analysis of the concept of orbital allows us to argue that—in opposition to a recent position in philosophy of science—it is impossible to defend the autonomy of the chemical reality in regard to physical reality, appealing to the idea that there is a conceptual rupture among a chemical interpretation and a quantuminterpretation of the concept. This is the case because there are not two different interpretations of the concept of orbital. On the contrary, the concept involved in structural chemistry (...) and in quantum chemistry comes from quantum mechanics.El análisis del concepto de orbital permite argumentar—en oposición a una propuesta reciente en filosofía de la química—que no es posible defender la autonomía ontológica de la realidad química respecto de la física, sobre la base de una ruptura conceptual entre una interpretación química del concepto y otra propia de la mecánica cuántica. Esto es así porque no existen tales interpretaciones distintas del concepto de orbital, sino que, por el contrario, este concepto en química cuántica y en química estructural proviene de la mecánica cuántica. (shrink)

This paper proposes a comparison between the myth of Prometheus and Pliny the Elder’s account of the origins of painting to assess the technical characterof images. Such a character is seen as a precondition for understanding their epistemological value, as well as for supporting the need for hermeneutics at any level of artificial intervention. Finally, part of Horst Bredekamp’s work will be presented as an example of a methodology that combines hermeneutics and iconology based on such a technical character.

This article examines Schopenhauer’s influence on Nietzsche’s work. It considers how Nietzsche adopted some of his central ideas from Schopenhauer, how he exploited some of Schopenhauer’s positions to suit his own purposes, and how he developed some of his ideas as alternatives to Schopenhauerian positions. Nietzsche’s first published book, The Birth of Tragedy, is based on a Schopenhauerian metaphysical framework. Schopenhauer’s principle of individuation applicable to the world of representations is the key element in Nietzsche’s concept of the Apollonian and (...) Schopenhauer’s principle of the undifferentiated nature of ultimate reality of the will is the key element in Nietzsche’s concept of the Dionysian. (shrink)

El artículo propone un esbozo del programa teórico de la izquierda progresista del siglo XXI a partir de la lectura de los autores contemporáneos que tendrían mayor influencia en los líderes políticos iberoamericanos de esta corriente. Para ello, examina el escenario histórico político tras el fin de las utopías y del mito revolucionario, y luego describe los problemas teóricos que dotarían de contenido lo que el autor denomina una «revuelta posneoliberal».

The paper aims to understand whether morphology can be framed as a language for aesthetics. In particular, whether Olaf Breidbach’s contribution can determine its fundamental terms. These are related to the notion of forms and images. Hence, the paper is structured into three parts: i) framing of research on morphology in Ger-many; ii) analysis of Goethe’s method and vocabulary from an aesthetic standpoint; iii) presentation of Breidbach’s proposal in relation to Goethe.

Why the social ontology uses the game as paradigmatic example of social object? Is social reality a game? In this short essay, shared characteristics and differences of ludic and social acts are explored to explode the myth of the normative structure of social reality. In order to explain and demonstrate their theories, major authors of our research sector as Searle and Smith appeal to ludic phenomenons as unmistakable evidences of regulated social activities. Nevertheless well valued theorists don’t recognize that there (...) are tens of different typologies of games, about which it should be appropriate to draw up a regional ontology, as much there are tons of rule types, not always prescriptive and not always descriptive. The instant article demonstrates that social reality is not explainable by appealing to regulated behaviors, opening in this way a research context that involves the Interactive Fiction of play. Therefore the ludic phenomenon rests the base of social reality, however disconnecting it from the concept of rule, which too much influenced the research on mind, language and culture. (shrink)

This paper discusses the epistemic value of political parties and other partisan associations from the standpoint of epistemic democracy. It examines whether political parties contribute to the quality of democratic deliberation, thus increasing the epistemic value of democratic decision-making procedures, or represent a threat that polarizes the society and impedes and distorts the public deliberation. The paper introduces several arguments that support the epistemic value of partisanship. Partisan associations empower otherwise marginalized social groups or groups that have disproportionally small political (...) influence by facilitating political education or by connecting citizens and experts who share the same values. Partisan associations also help us resist the epistemically damaging effects of hermeneutical (epistemic) injustice by enabling marginalized citizens to construct alternative discourses. However, though partisanship might facilitate the transmission of knowledge, this deliberative tool will only be used in a group of like-minded citizens (i.e. within a political party), thus increasing the polarization between the parties and citizens alike, and decreasing the epistemic value of such collective decision-making procedures. The paper analyses some epistemic strategies (like red-teaming or building a critical thinking culture) that can help us avoid or (at least) reduce the epistemically damaging effects of polarization. However, internal action (from within a deliberative group) might not be enough. Making the deliberation on political issues public and spreading it through different forms of citizens’ organizations will ensure that political deliberation is not closed within a single homogenous deliberating group (i.e. the party). These practices should significantly reduce the damaging effects of group polarization. (shrink)

En esta brevísima introducción a la hipótesis derridiana del “nacional-filosofismo” procedemos, en primer lugar, a situarla en el hilo conductor que atraviesa, a lo largo del trabajo de Jacques Derrida, sus lecturas de Husserl, Hegel y Heidegger. Enseguida, la situamos en el marco del seminario “Le fantôme de l’autre” de mediados de los años 80 y que la inscribe en el gran seminario “Nationalité et nationalisme philosophiques”. Finalmente, reseñamos esta hipótesis a la luz de tres de sus rasgos: generalidad, ejemplaridad (...) e invariancia. (shrink)

El texto explora el papel que juegan los argumentos de naturaleza filosófica y religiosa en la razón pública, trayendo a colación el debate acerca del aborto, tema en el que John Rawls pone a prueba su propuesta. La tesis es que en el liberalismo rawlsiano, los argumentos filosóficos y religiosos juegan un papel semi-público, es decir, están referidos básicamente a la razón social, la cual se encuadra en la sociedad civil.

Una de las problemáticas que acompañan a los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en su desarrollo y aplicación, es la indeterminación de su contenido esencial en los textos constitucionales. En este supuesto normativo se ubica el derecho a la salud en México. Su formulación lingüística en nuestro orden constitucional está expuesta de forma general, lo cual produce un problema de vaguedad al momento de hacerlo exigible ante las instituciones encargadas de protegerlo. Este texto plantea la necesidad de la especificación y (...) comprensión del núcleo esencial que configura el derecho a la salud. Esta problemática de la textura abierta del derecho a la salud se ha ido solventando gradualmente mediante la formulación y adopción de precedentes por parte del Poder Judicial de la Federación. La evolución del derecho a la salud y de su contenido se observa en las sentencias en materia de atención médica, de protección contra riesgos sanitarios y de acciones de salud pública, que en su conjunto reflejan una serie de líneas jurisprudenciales del derecho a la salud en México. (shrink)

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of the Protestant Reformation in increasing the education of European society in the XVI-XVII centuries. The article discusses the reasons for the flourishing of education and science in this era. Scientific novelty is manifested in a comprehensive study of the consequences of the Reformation, which, mutually influencing each other, eventually led to an increase in the level of education in Europe. As a result, it was established that the Reformation democratized (...) the spiritual, political and socio-economic aspects of life, introduced the principles of freedom of conscience, faith without mediation, encouragement of entrepreneurship, universality of education, the need for each person to study the Scriptures independently, personal responsibility to God and others, which contributed to the development of science and education, as well as the formation of a new public consciousness. (shrink)

The normalization in the path integral approach to quantum field theory, in contrast with statistical field theory, can contain physical information. The main claim of this paper is that the inner product on the space of field configurations, one of the fundamental pieces of data required to be added to quantize a classical field theory, determines the normalization of the path integral. In fact, dimensional analysis shows that the introduction of this structure necessarily introduces a scale that is left unfixed (...) by the classical theory. We study the dependence of the theory on this scale. This allows us to explore mechanisms that can be used to fix the normalization based on cutting and gluing different integrals. “Self-normalizing” path integrals, those independent of the scale, play an important role in this process. Furthermore, we show that the scale dependence encodes other important physical data: we use it to give a conceptually clear derivation of the chiral anomaly. Several explicit examples, including the scalar and compact bosons in different geometries, supplement our discussion. (shrink)

This paper presents a short biography of Jan Patočka, as well as biographical data of the author in connection to the life and work of Jan Patočka. The paper describes Patočka’s academic activity at Charles University between 1968 and 1972, how he continued by giving private underground seminars in the dark years of 1972 to 1976, and how his engagement culminated in the dissident movement Charter 77. The author explains how the unofficial underground Patočka Archive was established on the very (...) day of Patočka’s death, even before the terrible events around his funeral. Before the official Patočka Archive was founded on the 1st of January, 1990, many volumes of his works were edited secretly during the period of 1977 to 1989. This made it possible to continue successfully publishing the series of the Complete Works of Jan Patočka after 1990. (shrink)

The paper reconstructs the connections between the evolution of Patrick Suppes’ measurement theory from 1951 to 1958 and the research in utility analysis he conducted between 1953 and 1957 within the Stanford Value Theory Project. In particular, the paper shows that Suppes’ superseding of the classical understanding of measurement, his endorsement of the representational view of measurement, and his conceiving of an axiomatic version of the latter were prompted by his research in utility analysis.

In the nineteenth century, Karl Marx wondered how it was possible for the exchange of commodities to generate so much wealth for some and so much misery for the others. A similar question now haunts our discussions of financial markets: how can the expanding trade in financial securities create such extraordinary wealth for the financiers while creating increasing vulnerability for the rest of us? Taking a leaf out of Marx’s playbook, I propose in this essay to follow Moneybags to the (...) market and consider what he finds there. In the nineteenth century, Moneybags was able to purchase labor-power at its value while somehow generating more value merely from using it; by the late twentieth century, it appears that Moneybags is similarly able, in all good conscience, to acquire other people’s probability—their ability, that is, to make promises and to be believed—while somehow becoming more credible in the process. (shrink)

El presente ensayo no pretende hacer una investigación de las razones por la cualesHeidegger no escribió un tratado ético como tal, mucho menos, una apología acerca desu silencio, intencional o no, respecto a dicho asunto. Tampoco se pretende escribir unaética “de” Heidegger, sino más bien, encontrar las señales que “dejan-ver” la dimensiónética de su pensar y desde allí, llevar nuestro pensar por el camino que nos conduce a laposibilidad de rehabitar la tierra.

Este artigo objetiva investigar uma dimensão anti-lúdica da cultura dos videogames: o uso de jogos e conteúdos ligados ao tema para propagar símbolos, afetos e discursos associados à extrema direita. Recorreremos à ideia de cripto-fascismo – a prática de esconder ideias fascistas sob disfarces socialmente aceitáveis –, expondo como os videogames se inserem nesta tática. Demonstraremos o uso dos videogames como um mecanismo retórico nos discursos de produtores de conteúdo ligados à cultura dos videogames, expondo a fraqueza de sua aliança (...) com a dimensão lúdica desta cultura e sua muito mais forte adesão às premissas ideológicas cripto-fascistas. Por fim, abordaremos o modo como o ódio anti-lúdico atinge a própria dinâmica de inovação e invenção inerente ao mundo dos jogos, encarnada no ataque ao gênero emergente dos walking simulators. (shrink)

Leg of St. Paul stepped on the European continent somewhere around the 50th in the time of his second trip from Asia Minor from the glorious Troy to today's Macedonia. Among the Europeans Pavlov's sermon has found a good ground: he founded several communities, traveling, in particular, in Philippi and in Thessalonica. But the apostle also faced a strong opposition, in particular from their Jewish brothers, who sometimes even driven him by force. From the town of Vera Paul, it was (...) necessary to protect the city of Athens, the capital of great glory, science, philosophy, literature, art, architecture, culture. Here, the scientists wanted to listen to Pavlov "a new science". The Pavlov's word on the Aeropagus ended in great failure and highs. Paul left Aithenes cursed, not returning more there, from neglect to "insidious philosophy" as "an empty deception". (shrink)